“微观辨证”的产生及其发展

【关键词】 微观辨证

［摘要］“微观辨证”概念的提出是中医临床诊治、循证医学发展和中医证候学发展的需要。“微观辨证”产生的可能性是由于中西医结合和现代科学技术的发展。“微观辨证”有其优越性和局限性，“微观辨证”的发展尚存在一些问题，诸如：中医证候尚未规范化、微观指标单一性与整体性的矛盾、微观指标与证候对应的非特异性、疾病对“微观辨证”产生的影响、“证”本质研究与临床治疗脱节等。并提出“证”是疾病发生发展过程中某一阶段的病理过程，由若干相关的主、客观指标组成，这些客观指标应包括宏观与微观、整体与局部等多个方面的内容。

［关键词］微观辨证; 证候; 四诊; 中西医结合

Origin and development of microcosmic syndrome differentiation

ABSTRACT The suggestion of microcosmic syndrome differentiation is to meet the needs of clinical diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the needs of evidence based medicine and the needs of the development of syndrome differentiation in TCM. The possibility of microcosmic syndrome differentiation might be the development of integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine as well as modern science and technology. Microcosmic syndrome differentiation has its superiority and limitation. There are some problems in developing microcosmic syndrome differentiation, such as lack of standard for syndrome differentiation, contradiction between single microcosmic index and the entirety, nonspecificity of the relationship between microcosmic indexes and syndromes, and the influence of disease on microcosmic syndrome differentiation, discrepancy between the essence study of TCM syndromes and the clinical practice. It is suggested that the concept of TCM syndrome is a certain pathological process during the onset and development of disease, composed of some subjective and objective indexes. The objective indexes include the macrocosmic and the microcosmic indexes, the entirety and the part.

KEY WORDS microcosmic syndrome differentiation; syndrome; four diagnostic methods; integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine

　　“微观辨证”的产生存在着必然性和可能性，并体现了一定的优越性、局限性。客观地评价“微观辨证”对于中医诊断学科的发展具有促进作用。

1“微观辨证”概念的提出

1986年，沈自尹［1］首次明确提出“微观辨证”的概念，并定义：微观辨证在临床收集辨证素材过程中，引进现代科学，特别是现代医学的先进技术，发挥它们长于在较深入的层次上，微观地认识机体的结构、代谢和功能特点，更完整、更准确、更本质地阐明证的物质基础，从而为辨证微观化奠定基础。简言之，是试用微观指标认识与辨别证。危北海［2］指出微观辨证主要是运用各种现代科学方法，对各类中医证型患者进行内在的生理、生化、病理和免疫微生物等各方面客观征象的检查分析，旨在深入阐明证候的内在机理，探讨其发生发展的物质基础和提供可作为辅助诊断的客观定量化指标。匡萃璋［3］认为所谓微观辨证，实际上是企图用某种或某些生理生化指标作为描述证候的内在依据的一种方法。郭振球［4］认为微观辨证是以中医经典辨证为向导，四诊“司外揣内”宏观辨证，结合应用现代新科技，深入到细胞化学、神经递质、激素、免疫乃至基因调节，以阐明病症传变规律的一种辨证方法。“微观辨证”吸收了现代科学技术的检测手段，是中医宏观四诊的深化和扩展，对“证”的诊断起辅助作用。“微观辨证”不可能独立于“宏观辨证”而存在，应该在中医基础理论的指导下进行。